Distributive justice in its modern sense calls on the state to guarantee that everyone is supplied with a certain level of material means. Samuel Fleischacker argues that guaranteeing aid to the poor is a modern idea, developed only in the last two Centuries. Earlier notions of justice, including Aristotle's, were concerned with the distribution of political office, not of property. It was only in the 18th Century, in the work of philosophers such as Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant, that justice began to be applied to the problem of poverty. To attribute a longer pedigree to distributive justice is to fail to distinguish between justice and charity.

塞繆爾·弗萊施哈剋爾(Samuel Fleischacker)　美國伊利諾伊大學芝加哥分校哲學副教授。