This book, the results of a conference held in Israel in 1985, brings together many new perspectives on the significance of Menasseh ben Israel's ideas, and their relation to Christian millenarian views of the time and Jewish kabbalistic and messianistic thought. Scholars from America, Europe and Israel, working on various aspects of 17th century philosophy and religion present here in 18 essays important new data and interpretations of the Jewish and Christian background, and of Menasseh's ideas and their relation to those of Jewish and Christian thinkers of the time. Thus, this volume provides the grounds for reassessing, on the basis of recent scholarship, the ferment of messianic and millenarian ideas issuing from Holland and England in the mid-17th century.